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Julien Benda, a seminal French philosopher, critiqued the moral and intellectual decline of Western civilization in his influential work "The Treason of the Intellectuals." Through his impassioned defense of universal values and intellectual integrity, Benda challenged intellectuals to resist political and ideological pressures, urging them to uphold the principles of truth and justice in the face of tyranny and corruption.

"I shall go further and say that even if an examination of the past could lead to any valid prediction concerning man's future, that prediction would be the contrary of reassuring."



"Nothing seems to me more doubtful than Aristotle's remark that it is probable the arts and philosophy have several times been discovered and several times lost."


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